250 
Charles H. Judd. 
may be summed up briefly in the statement that in ordinary writing 
the fine formative movements are executed by the hand or arm; and 
the pauses between groups of letters are utilized for longer forward 
arm movements, and for hand movements which bring the hand back 
into an easy working position. 
It was mentioned in an earlier paragraph that certain of the 
subjects of this experiment showed in their results that embarrassment 
resulted from the unusual weight of the apparatus attached to the 
hand. The indications of embarrassment appeared in the fact that 
subjects whose records later developed into the type represented 
in figures 2 and 4, began with records of the type represented in 
figure 3. In other words, the freedom of the hand movement was 
decidedly interfered with at first in such cases, the writing being 
done almost entirely by the fingers, with corresponding long forward 
arm movements in 
the interval between 
Fig. 5. 
* 5 M 6 t 1 the writing of the 
' . I t 
letters. 
I * 3 M b fcl 
Another series of 
experiments which 
should be mentioned 
in this connection 
was tried for the purpose of discovering how differences in the 
character of the demand made upon the subject modified the charac¬ 
ter of the movements. A subject was required to make a record of 
a free upward and downward movement such as that represented on 
the left of figure 5. In this first experiment no restrictions what¬ 
soever were placed upon the subject, he was allowed to make each 
line in the freest possible manner. The corresponding tracer record 
is given on the right of the same figure. The presence of some finger 
movements appears in the lack of sharply defined angles in the tracer 
record. The tracer record shows, however, by its general form and 
slope that it is due very largely to free arm movements which carried 
the whole hand over the same path as that traversed by the writing 
pen. The figure which the subject had prepared in this first free 
construction was then set for imitation, and in order that the imi¬ 
tation might be exact the extremities of each of the upward and