RUMINANTIA.
greater, and divided into two,—a small fleshy
bundle proceeding from the anterior extremity
of the sternum to the lower part of the
humerus, and a larger mass coming off
from the whole length of the sternum pos¬
terior to the former, its fibres passing ob¬
liquely forward to be inserted into the external
tuberosity of the same bone. There is an ad¬
ditional muscular slip in the Sheep and Horse,
by the action of which the crossing of the
fore-legs is produced ; this is denominated by
hippotomists the ambibrachialis communis. Cu¬
vier remarks the same muscle in Cetacea.
Corresponding to the scapular division of the
deltoid in the human subject, there is, in ru¬
minants and solipeds, a muscle called the ab¬
ductor longus brachii or abd. brach, superior ( 14,
fig. 350.) ; it generally exhibits two points of
Fig. 352.
Superficial layer of muscles of the fore limb of the
Ox. (From Gurlt.)
1, supra-spinatus ; 2, infra-spinatus ; 3, abductor
brevis ; 4, anconeus longus ; 5, exten. cubiti lon¬
gus ; 6, ancon, externus ; 7, brachialis intemus ;
8, deltoides ; 9, 9, exten. carpi radialis ; 10, ab¬
ductor pollicis; 11, 11, extensor digit, longior;
12,12, exten. digit, brevior; 13, 13, flexor carpi
ulnaris externus.
: attachment above, one at the spine of the
scapula, and the other from the infra-spinous
fossa. On their passage down, the fibres
coalesce, and become inserted by a common
tendon into the linea aspera of the humerus.
The external scapular muscles, viz., the supra-
Supp.
spinatus ( 1, fig. 352-) and infra-spinatus (2),
are powerfully marked in this order ; the
former is implanted by a double tendon of
insertion into the anterior and internal tuber¬
osities of the humerus, the latter being con¬
nected below to the external tuberosity. The
round muscles have the same attachments as
in man, but the teres major or t. externus (3,
fig. 353.) is in Ruminantia and Solipeda smaller
than the teres minor or t. interims (2,fig> 353).
The sub-scapularis (2, 2 fig. 353.) is of large
size, and subdivided.
The coraco-brachialis (fi,fig' 353.) is always
present, although there be no indication of a
coracoid apophysis ; the greater part of the
muscle lies deep, and is connected to the
inner border of the upper half of the humerus,
the remainder lying more superficially, and
continuing as far as the internal condyle
into which it is implanted. The biceps brachii
coraco-radialis or flexor cubiti longus (10, fig.
353.) has a similar disposition to its analogue
in Man ; but in Carnivora and Solipeda, where
the coracoid process is absent, it exhibits but
one head. In the Bear, according to Cuvier,
the absent division is represented by a mus¬
cular slip passing off from the coraco-brachi¬
alis. Meckel states that in the Camel and
Dromedary the apparently single tendon of
origin arises from the margin of the glenoid
cavity as usual, but it is very thick, and can
easily be separated into two portions, which
are united only by cellular tissue. These, as
they pass over the head of the humerus,
swell out and enclose between them a sesa¬
moid body consisting of fibro-cartilage ; the
external of the tendons is the larger, and also
subdivides, giving off a strong tendinous cord
which becomes incorporated with the anti-
brachial aponeurosis. The brachialis intemus,
or flexor cubiti longus ('ft fig• 352. and 11, fig-
353.), is comparatively weak. In the typical
ruminant it rises from the posterior and ex¬
ternal part of the neck of the humerus, but in
the Camel it commences lower down from the
middle third of the bone, its tendon of inser¬
tion in all cases being anterior to that of the
long flexor. The divisions of the triceps ex¬
tensor cubiti are described under different
names by hippotomists, but this disposition
is similar to that of Man. The extensor cubiti
longus (5, fig. 353.) is the extensor magnus of
Bourgelat ; the extensor brevis is the extensor
médius of the same author, and the anconeous
longus of Gurlt ; the brachialis externus is the
extensor brevis of the former and the anconeus
externus of the latter. There is also another
muscle termed by Gurlt the anconeus interims
(7,/%. 353.). .
The Ruminantia and Solipeda are generally
described as possessing neither supinators nor
pronators, but the above-named author figures
in the Ox a small muscular bundle, which he
calls the pronator teres (13, fig. 353.) ; and
moreover Meckel points out the rudiments of
this muscle in the Camel, remarking at the
same time that its function is no longer that
of a pronator but of a flexor. The extensor
carpi radialis (9, fig. 352.) is single in the Ca-
M M