5°2 GLUTÆAL
the posterior fibres of which are covered by the
glutæus maximus. These anterior fibres have a
different action, varying in the different posi¬
tions of the body in relation to the thigh, and,
according to this, consisting either in rotation
inwards, abduction, or flexion of the femur, or,
this bone being fixed, assisting in the various
anterior movements of the pelvis upon the thigh.
At the posterior edge of the middle glutæus
is the pyriformis coming out of the upper open¬
ing of the sciatic notch. Here, as we have
seen, the glutæal artery is also emerging from
the pelvis and winding round the upper edge
of the notch. This, therefore, will be the situa¬
tion of an aneurism of this artery, and a pul¬
sating tumour being detected in the situation
just indicated by measure, as the seat of this
vessel, will be a very strong ground for deciding
both as to the disease and the vessel diseased.
A case lately came under our notice of a very
obscure character in which a swelling was
situated precisely in the position of the glutæal
arteiy, but without pulsation or any other sym¬
ptom of aneurism. The swelling was at first
indistinct, but as the surrounding parts wasted
under the effect of disease it became more pro¬
minent. It was firm to the touch and rather
moveable, and about the size of a hen’s egg.
But the principal part of the disease showed
itself within the pelvis in a tumour consisting
almost entirely of coagulum, as was proved by
puncture, situated behind the rectum, and
pressing it forward so as to occupy nearly the
whole pelvis, and obstructing the passage both
of faeces and urine. As there was no decided
symptom of aneurism no operation was at¬
tempted for the relief of the case, and as the
girl, who is eighteen years of age, still lingers,
the nature of the disease is not yet cleared up.
But this part also occasionally gives exit to a
hernial tumour, part of the intestines or even
the bladder or ovary becoming thus displaced
and being lodged in the sac.* The superior
opening of the sciatic notch is bounded above
by the notch of the ilium, before by the de¬
scending ramus of the ischium, and below and
behind by the superior sacro-sciatic ligament;
and so large is the opening thus left that we
might expect to find the protrusion of some of
the viscera of the pelvis much more frequently
than wre do. Yet so completely is this part
covered and defended by the pyriform muscle,
the plexus of nerves, the glutæi maximus and
médius, that this form of hernia is an extremely
rare occurrence. When it does occur in the adult,
the diagnosis is very difficult while the hernia is
small, owing to the great depth at which it is
situated. When, however, it is congenital, the
nature of the swelling is larger in proportion to
the size of the surrounding parts, and the depth
of the superjacent parts less ; yet even here
Professor Schreger did not at first detect the
nature of the swelling. In fact nothing but
the actual feeling of the guggling of the gas of
the intestines under the finger seems sufficient
* See a summary of cases of ischiatic hernia in
Cooper's First Lines of Surgery.
REGION.
to discriminate the case, and this is of course
not to be expected when the gut is strangulated.
Indeed, in Dr. Jones’s case* the symptoms
were not at all referred by the patient to the
true seat of the disease, and the surgeon was
in consequence never led to make any external
examination of this part. It may be well to
state here the anatomical relations of the hernial
sac in this case, which was carefully dissected.
“ A small orifice in the side of the pelvis,
anterior to but a little above the sciatic nerve
and on the fore part of the pyriformis muscle,
led into a bag situated under the glutæus maxi¬
mus muscle, and this was the hernial sac, in
which the portion of intestine had been stran¬
gulated. The cellular membrane which con¬
nects the sciatic nerve to the surrounding parts
of the ischiatic notch had yielded to the pres¬
sure of the peritoneum and viscera. The orifice
of the hernial sac was placed anterior to the
internal iliac artery and vein, below the obtura¬
tor artery and above the obturator vein. Its
neck was situated anterior to the sciatic nerve,
and its fundus, which was on the outer part of
the pelvis, was covered by the glutæus maxi¬
mus. Anterior to but a little below the fundus
of the sac, was situated the sciatic nerve,
behind it the glutæal artery. Above, it was
placed near the bone, and below appeared the
muscles and ligaments of the pelvis.”
We must not conclude this article without
a few words on the general form of the glutæal
region as affording an important means of
diagnosis in disease. In examining this re¬
gion in a healthy person we observe, 1st, the
thick rounded prominence of the nates, formed
by the posterior and inferior margin of the i
glutæus maximus ; 2d, the projection of the
trochanter major, only covered by the integu¬
ments and the thin tendon of the last-named
muscle; 3d, the projection of the crista ilii,
forming the upper boundary of the region ;
4th, a depression, perpendicular in direction,
between the nates and the trochanter major;
5th, another depression, slighter than the last
and transverse in direction, between the tro¬
chanter and crista ilii.
Now almost all these points become altered
in character and relation in disease. In dislo¬
cation of the femur they of course are changed
by the difference in position which the trochan¬
ter assumes in common with the head of the
bone ; and according to the unnatural situation
w’hich this occupies, so will the alteration in
the general form of the parts be modified. But
we now speak particularly of the changes of
disease. Even in the inflammatory stage of
disease of the hip-joint, it is surprising how
great is the effect produced upon the nates.
The roundness and fulness gradually go, the
nates looks wasted, and the depression between
this and the trochanter disappears. This wast¬
ing, arising from interstitial absorption of the
glutæus and parts adjacent, is the more striking
as it occurs too rapidly upon the affection of
the joint to be the effect of inaction of the
* See Sir A. Cooper on Hernia, part ii. p. 67.