in 
Literature 
and Art. 
159 
CHAPTER 
SATIRICAL LITERATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES._-JOHN DE HAUTEVILLE 
AND ALAN DE LILLE.iGOLIAS AND THE  GOLIARDIC 
 FOR PARODY._-PARODIES ON RELIGIOUS SUBJECTS. 
-_POLITlCAL CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGE5.iTl-{E JEWS OF 
    
SATIRE.-POLITICAL SONGS AND POEMS. 
IN a previous chapter I have fpokeu of a clafs of fatirical literature 
which was entirely popular in its chara6ter. Not that on this account 
it was original among the peoples who compofed mediaeval fociety, for 
the intellectual development of the middlerages came almoft all from 
Rome through one medium or other, although We know fo little of the 
details of the popular literature of the Romans that we cannot always 
trace it. The mediaeval literature of weltern Europe was mofitly modelled 
upon that of France, which was received, like its language, from Rome. 
But when the great univerfity fyltem became eitablilhed, towards the end 
of the eleventh century, the fcholars of Weitern Europe became more 
direotly acquainted with the models of literature which antiquity had left 
them; and during the twelfth century thefe found imitators fo tkilful that 
fome of them almolt deceive us into accepting them for clailical writers 
themfelves. Among the firft of thefe models to attract the attention of 
mediaeval fcholars, were the Roman fatirilis, and the {tudy of them 
produced, during the twelfth century, a number of fatirical writers in 
Latin profe and verfe, who are remarkable not only for their boldnefs and 
poignancy, but for the elegance of their Ityle. I may mention among 
thofe of Englilh birth, John of Saliibury, Walter Mapes, and Giraldus 
Cambrenfis, who all wrote in profe, and Nigellus W'ireker, already 
mentioned in a former chapter, and John de Hauteville, who wrote in 
 verfe.